Food
Refining reduces fiber/protein matrix and can worsen post-meal glycemic excursions.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Superscript reference numbers link to the Sources bibliography.
Composite Rating
Blends evidence depth, community direction, safety friction, and completeness.
Evidence Intensity
100/100
High depth from human/RCT/meta counts
Community Direction
0
Mixed / Neutral • confidence Minimal
Safety Friction
31/100
Early signal from adverse/interaction markers
Data Completeness
100%
Studies 16 • mentions 0 • links 25
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FDA disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Results may vary. Not intended for use by pregnant or nursing women, individuals under 18, or those with known medical conditions without physician consultation.
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Classification: limit.[1121,1267,2325, etc.]
Best fit: Users with insulin resistance or appetite dysregulation..[1121,1267,2325, etc.]
Goal alignment: Metabolic Health, Body Composition.[1121,1267,2325, etc.]
Classification
Limit
Evidence Tier
HIGH
Best Fit
Users with insulin resistance or appetite dysregulation.
Primary Focus
Metabolic Health, Body Composition
Clinical Depth
Humans: 759 • RCTs: 69 • Meta: 39
Cohort / Real-World
Cohort signals: 247
Safety Markers
Adverse signals: 4 • Interactions: 0
Freshness, trend, and study timeline for this item
Status
Trend
→ Stable evidence base
Depth
759 total studies · 3 recent
Timeline
Total indexed
759
Human studies
759
Cohort signals
247
Randomized trials
69
Meta-analyses
39
Safety adverse signals
4
Weighted direction score: 0 (Mixed / Neutral)
High when there are >=2 human meta-analyses, or strong human trial/cohort volume with substantial human literature.
Total indexed
759
Human studies
759
Cohort signals
247
Randomized trials
69
Meta-analyses
39
Safety adverse signals
4
In vitro / tissue
1
Animal-only studies
0
Distribution of evidence by study design strength
Evidence Strength: High
PMID 30638909 • 2019 Feb 2
Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Lancet
Open PubMedPMID 28397016 • 2017 May
Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Eur J Epidemiol
Open PubMedPMID 28431261 • 2017 Jul
Dietary patterns and depression risk: A meta-analysis.
Psychiatry Res
Open PubMedBenefit reports: 0
Adverse reports: 0
No-effect reports: 0
Mixed reports: 0
Unclear reports: 0
Signal confidence: 0.00
Benefits
Adverse
No Effect
Community confidence 0.00 with mentions: benefit 0, adverse 0, no-effect 0.
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aggregate • unclear
No directional first-hand mentions captured in the current community corpus; source links are retained for traceability.
Open mentionEvidence Sources
PUBMED • Humans + preclinical triage
Counts from structured PubMed query set for diet/intake context.
Outcome: Humans 759, RCT 69, meta 39, cohort 247.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2019 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 30638909 from Lancet.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[, etc.]
No directional mention volume was resolved; fallback profile metadata is shown in other sections.
Composite of study volume, RCTs, and meta-analyses
PMID 27301975 • 2016 Jun 14
Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.
BMJ
Open PubMedPMID 28424256 • 2017 Jun
Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.
J Nutr
Open PubMedPMID 28446499 • 2017 Jun
Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.
Am J Clin Nutr
Open PubMedPMID 35641199 • 2022 Sep 2
Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated hemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The interventional Keto-Med randomized crossover trial.
Am J Clin Nutr
Open PubMedPMID 39125421 • 2024 Aug 3
Healthy Dietary Patterns with and without Meat Improved Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors in Adults: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Feeding Trial.
Nutrients
Open PubMedPMID 40373729 • 2025 Jun
A digital health-supported Prediabetes Intervention, Management and Evaluation (PRIME) Program improves Healthy Eating Index score: A cluster randomized controlled trial.
Nutr Res
Open PubMedPMID 24944054 • 2014 Aug
Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial.
Am J Clin Nutr
Open PubMedPMID 34981703 • 2022 May 25
Pregnancy outcomes with differences in grain consumption: a randomized controlled trial.
J Perinat Med
Open PubMedPMID 27194048 • 2016 Aug
Setting Single or Multiple Goals for Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors Improves Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pragmatic Pilot Randomized Trial.
Diabetes Educ
Open PubMedPMID 38613077 • 2024 Apr 3
The Development and Evaluation of a Literature-Based Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota.
Nutrients
Open PubMedPMID 34022156 • 2021 Jun
Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
Open PubMedPMID 37758268 • 2023 Sep 27
Association between changes in carbohydrate intake and long term weight changes: prospective cohort study.
BMJ
Open PubMedPMID 27299701 • 2016 Jun
Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies.
PLoS Med
Open PubMedFallback search fetch failed: Failed to fetch after retries: https://old.reddit.com/search.json?raw_json=1&sort=relevance&t=year&limit=12&q=refined%20grains%20and%20white-flour%20pastries
Community Sources
PUBMED • 2017 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 28397016 from Eur J Epidemiol.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2017 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 28431261 from Psychiatry Res.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2016 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 27301975 from BMJ.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2017 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 28424256 from J Nutr.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2017 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 28446499 from Am J Clin Nutr.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2022 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 35641199 from Am J Clin Nutr.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2024 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 39125421 from Nutrients.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2025 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 40373729 from Nutr Res.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2014 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 24944054 from Am J Clin Nutr.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2022 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 34981703 from J Perinat Med.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2016 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 27194048 from Diabetes Educ.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2024 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 38613077 from Nutrients.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2021 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 34022156 from Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2023 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 37758268 from BMJ.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open sourcePUBMED • 2016 • Human evidence curation set
PMID 27299701 from PLoS Med.
Outcome: See linked PubMed abstract for methods and outcomes.[2325,2628,2643, etc.]
Open source